Jerry Large wrote a column in the Seattle Times today, expressing the predictable and typical reaction those on the left have had since the Supreme Court decided the District of Columbia v. Heller case this past week.
Large writes that the Second Amendment to the Constitution is “about having a militia to protect the state, but I think five members of the court read it through a haze of gun lore.”
He says this with an air of absoluteness - yet many of the country’s most experienced constitutional scholars - and at least five whose opinion counts most - see it quite differently. Although I admittedly don’t know much about Large’s legal background or his scholarship on the history of the Constitution and American jurisprudence, my assumption is that he is not considered among the nation’s elite constitutional lawyers. As such, his sweeping and simplistic comment suggests that his particular reading of the Second Amendment is somehow rooted in more developed thinking and scholarly research than that of a majority of Supreme Court Justices - and their extensive backgrounds and research into constitutional law. I appreciate that Mr. Large is in the infotainment business and not on the bench, so I hope he’ll forgive me if I tend to take what the majority on the Supreme Court say as having somewhat greater weight.
From what I gather, much of the argument over this amendment stems from a desire by some to interpret what the framers “intended” the amendment to mean - particularly the first clause - and that discussion seems rooted in an argument over punctuation. George Mason University School of Law professor Nelson Lund, wrote an article for the school’s Civil Rights Law Journal in which he contends that the militia part of the amendment is “grammatically independent of the rest of the sentence,” and does nothing to qualify the command contained in the second part - based on his study of legal writing styles of the day. Another scholar, University of Illinois English professor Dennis Baron, contends that then and now, the comma makes what precedes it an absolute clause, creating a cause-and-effect relationship with the clause that follows.
I’m not a constitutional scholar, and like other lay citizens, must rely on arguments made by judges themselves to understand the approaches they use to interpret law. Justice Scalia’s approach, his arguments and his rationale are most compelling for me.
Scalia posits that we should look to the exact words in a law and in the constitution - not to lawmakers’ intent.
If you and I enter into a contract, should my intent matter or should what the contract actually says matter? If I lease you a home, and intend to throw you out after one month, but put my signature on a lease that states the term as 12 months, what should take precedence - my intent or the words written into the contract?
Justice Scalia and others contend that there is a specific, written clause in the second amendment that says, “the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” They have made their determination based on this specific language. Others suggest that the preceding clause, which cites a “well regulated militia” as one example of a reason individual rights should not be infringed, takes substantive precedence - in other words, that the intent of the founders was to make the right to bear arms a collective right that exists only when individuals are organized into government regulated groups.
Scalia suggests that looking for intent is just not acceptable practice. Legislators may have many, many reasons for voting to pass a particular bill. As has been shown again and again, legislators often vote for a bill based on issues that have nothing to do with the content of the bill. In our system, 535 people vote on a piece of federal legislation. The “intent” argument would seem to suggest that we can know the specific intent of all of those people, and that the intent is shared among all who vote yes. Even if legislative intent can somehow be intuited or discovered, Scalia and others object to it because “intent” is simply not law. Article I of the Constitution requires both houses to pass a bill and present it to the president for his signature. The words that are on the paper, and signed by the president are the words that govern us. If it is not written into the law, it may be an interesting window into the sausage making machinery, but it is not law. Period.
If the outcome of a ruling like this is not what we’d like, because an amendment or statute is written in a particular way, we have perfectly acceptable means available for elected officials to fix the language in the law - amend it. Our constitution has been amended 27 times in 200+ years - as recently as 1992. If the citizens of the United States do not like the way the Second Amendment is worded, they can, through their elected representatives, change it. But for now, it says what it says.
As Justice Scalia once noted, “We are governed by laws, not by the intentions of legislators.”